By Khedroob Thondup

For years, the debate over China policy in Washington has been framed as a test of toughness. The real question, however, is not who can sound tougher in a campaign speech but who can build a sustainable strategy that advances American economic, technological, and security interests over the long term.

The conventional wisdom in American politics holds that Republicans are naturally more hawkish toward China. Yet toughness is not measured by rhetoric alone. A Congress led by Democrats could, in several important respects, pursue a stronger and more effective approach to the challenge posed by China than a Republican-led Congress.

First, effective competition with China begins at home. The United States’ greatest advantage has never been its ability to impose tariffs or deliver sharp political attacks. It has been the strength of its economy, universities, research institutions, infrastructur...